Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Reading response - Essay Example Southern states viewed this law as a threat because, in their view, it would increase the political influence of the West. Therefore, the law was passed during the first civil war when there was no Southern opposition. Signed into law in February 1881, this act was sponsored by Massachusetts Senator H.L Dawes, to provide for the granting of landholdings to Native Americans for replacing communal tribal holdings. This act aimed at including social divisions into the national society. This act also formed a trust fund to gather and disseminate the proceeds from timber, oil, mineral and grazing leases on the lands of Native Americans. Legislators hoped to complete the absorption process through division of reservation lands into privately owned lands (Kutler 220).They wanted to put an end to the communal life-style that the Native Americans had been living, by imposing Western values within the small household units. Allotments could be sold after a 25-year period, which was the statutory period, and non-allotted surplus land opened to settlers. After years of the act, it had the negative impact on the unity, culture, and self-government of the Native Americans. Immediately after the discovery of oil, Rockefeller was immediately attracted to this business. In 1863, he joined hands with partners to create a refining business. In 1870, he teamed with his brother to form the Standard Oil Company, which employed several devices to gain control of 90% of the oil business. Rockefeller bought every component demanded for producing oil barrels, and this way, he was able to keep his competitors away because he had monopolized the business. The Standard Oil Company cut its prices to withstand short term losses. This rate war strategy ensured that smaller competitors were kicked out of the market since they could not keep pace. Rockefeller also believed in intimidation, and, on

George Orwell 1984 Essay Example for Free

George Orwell 1984 Essay In this essay I intend to investigate experiences and historical events in Orwell’s lifetime. These events may have significantly influenced Orwell’s style, structure and theme, contributing to the political and artistic nature of his novel. I also intend to compare the contradictory interpretations of Orwell’s ‘message’. Did he intend 1984 as a warning, a prediction, or a historical novel? Despite its critics 1984 has made a significant impression on the modern world. Its infiltration into reality television may not be a tribute Orwell would have appreciated but many of his terms and phrases have been used to highlight threats to social and personal freedom. I will use this as a basis to ascertain whether there are other aspects of Orwell’s novel that have become reality in the modern world. 1984 by George Orwell was written in1947/48. This era has been referred to as ‘The age of anxiety, the age of the lost generation’. (www. historyguide. org/europe/lecture10) It was a nightmare world where individuality was lost. The totalitarian states of the time, exercised complete control over the lives of their human subjects. The Great War (World War One) facilitated totalitarian regimes, simply because war has only one objective: victory. â€Å"Individuality is sacrificed for collectivism and freedom is restricted as governments reject liberal values†. (www. historyguide. org/europe/lecture10) This mood of anxiety and conformity, is clearly illustrated in 1984; this is portrayed in the early pages of the novel and is maintained throughout. Orwell cleverly uses his descriptive talent, to set the scene for his reader. At the very beginning of his novel ‘the vile wind, the swirl of gritty dust’ (Page 4) projects a negative image of life in 1984. The maintenance of these visual images is preserved and comparisons, between post-war Britain and 1984, are recognisable. Examples of these are the shortages, rationing and the bombsites of the 1940’s. Orwell successfully engages the readers’ senses to conjure up images within the mind of the reader. ‘The hallway smelt of boiled cabbage and old rag mats’. (Page 4) I found phrases like this one actually made me feel the squalor and deprivation he was describing. The use of visual cues is also a theme, which starts on the first page of Orwell’s novel. He continually presents images that could be describing London during the 1940’s, but are in fact describing life in 1984. ‘A coloured poster too large for indoor display has been tacked to the wall ’(Page 4) Orwell has managed to reaffirm the squalid surroundings by the use of the word ‘tacked’ before he has even described the poster. ‘It depicted simply an enormous face, more than a metre wide: the face of a man of about forty-five with heavy black moustache and ruggedly hand-some features’. Many have suggested that Orwell based his character â€Å"Big Brother† the leader of the party on Stalin and Hitler because they all shared similar physical characteristics and had the ability to â€Å"manipulate the minds of the masses†. (The Worlds Most Evil Men). However, Churchill was also â€Å"recognised for his skill in altering peoples minds†(The History Of World War II) which could be interpreted that, the people of the 1940’s were being manipulated, regardless of their countries political status. His creative talent excelled itself with the name of his totalitarian leader. Big Brother conveys an image of trust and loyalty with the idea that he is a member of your family who is a figure affording protection and security. This is a complete contradiction to the lives of the Russian citizens under Stalin or the German people during Hitler’s rein and indeed the population of nineteen eighty four had little opportunity to feel safe. The naming of other characters within his novel, I suspect, had a deeper meaning. For example Emmanuel Goldstein’s face was described as It resembled the face of a sheep and the voice, too, had a sheep like quality. The significance of this description becomes more meaningful if you look at a poster (see appendix 1) used during World War II. Henri Guigon represented Churchill as a British bulldog in an American poster. To the whole world Britain’s new prime minister epitomised the stubborn and proud nature of the British. Orwell uses animals for descriptive comparison frequently in his writing but the use of a sheep, in this instance, is a curious choice. The character Goldstein is the leader of the opposition and sheep like qualities conjure up images of low intelligence and all following the crowd. This is a form of sarcasm that implies ridicule, disapproval, or contempt Sarcasm often includes an element of irony. Winston’s description of the opposition is not dissimilar to party members. Orwell could have been expressing his concerns with how Churchill’s War Cabinet, had on occasions, behaved no differently from the fascist regimes of the era. News was censored, wages controlled and travel restricted under the guise of wartime necessity. (Guardian 2002). However Goldstein is a Jewish name and World War II had just ended when this book was being written. Goldstein is used as a scapegoat in 1984, which has, parallels with the Nazis attempt to blame their problems on the Jews. In my opinion the name of Orwell’s main character Winston Smith also had a deeper, if somewhat personal meaning. Orwell was a dying man, when he wrote this novel, and he was probably aware it would be his final legacy to the world. He had a reluctant admiration for Churchill. Although he did not always agree with his policies he admired him not only for his courage but also a certain â€Å"largeness and geniality†. The History Of World War II) This admiration was expressed in the form of poetry that he rarely wrote. (See appendix 2). It is a fitting acknowledgement of this respect, that Winston became the name of his primary character. Smith is simply a very common English name, which gives the impression that Winston Smith is a very ordinary citizen not dissimilar to oneself. The caption under the Big Brother posters read â€Å" Big Brother is watching you† (Page 4) Orwell’s use of capital letters for this caption, and indeed others later in the book, gives increased impact to the reader of the significance of these words. It gives a sense of the controlling nature of the society in which the citizens of 1984 lived; constantly being watched by the eyes of Big Brother. It was similar to the blackouts enforced during World War II where wardens’ patrolled neighbourhood, and failure to conform, resulted in humiliating offenders in front of their neighbours. (The History Of World War II) The use of posters and slogans in Orwell’s novel may well have been inspired by the vast array of similar images used during World War II. England and Germany, among others, used large images, in a poster format, to send messages to their people. These were used to encourage conformity, solidarity and patriotism within each nation. At times they were also used to inflate morale at home and abroad, while at the same time humiliating and ridiculing their opponents. (See appendix 3) A good example of this, used in World War II, is the appearance of ‘V’ on walls in German- occupied Belgium. The Flemish speaking Belgians would interpret this as ‘vrijheid’, which means freedom, and the French speaking Belgians would understand this to mean ‘victoire’ (victory). This is a cruel psychological attack on an already defeated nation. Winston describes party slogans, in 1984, on the walls of buildings, which also have contradictory meanings. â€Å"War is peace, Freedom is Slavery and Ignorance is Strength† (Page 6) Orwell uses this type of psychological approach in different ways throughout his novel. Orwell’s wife, Eileen O’Shaughnessy (1905-1945) had a degree in psychology from Oxford University. Obtained in the 1920’s this would have been a significant achievement for a woman at that time and her influence on Orwell’s writing has been recognised. Eileen wrote a poem called â€Å"End Of The Century, 1984†(1934). There are similarities between the futuristic vision of Eileen’s poem and Orwell’s 1984, including mind control and the destruction of personal freedom. (www. arlindo-correia) The aggression, described by Winston, during the two-minute hate, and the hangings could have been influenced by Eileen’s psychological knowledge. There are various psychological theories as to why people display aggression. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed aggressive impulses are a reaction to frustrations of daily lives. This theory could easily be applied to the citizens in 1984. Freud’s theories were very influential during the 1940’s/50’s and his written articles had an almost political language, when referring to human behaviour, which may have appealed to Orwell’s political and artistic nature. Behavioural psychologists believe behaviour is learnt through reinforcement; their theory is that humans respond to social reinforcement such as social approval. In the 1940’s solidarity and conformity in Britain was achieved via camaraderie â€Å"every one doing their bit†. (Yesterdays Britain) In 1984 it was built on fear. In the following quote Winston describes what happens to citizens who don’t conform to the party’s political orthodoxy. In the vast majority of cases there was no trial, no report of the arrest. People simply disappeared, always during the night. Your name was removed from the registers, everything you had ever done was wiped out, your one-time existence was denied and then forgotten. You were abolished, annihilated: vaporized. (Page 22) This type of enforcement was common after the death of Lenin in 1924. His successor Josef Stalin turned a popular revolution based on freedom and equality, into a totalitarian dictatorship maintained solely by terror. He said â€Å"The death of a man is a tragedy; the death of a thousand is a statistic† (World Most Evil Men). A census in 1937 estimated that Russia’s population was twenty million short of what it should have been, although this information was withheld and emigration and famine were factors Stalin’s purges accounted for millions of deaths during his rule. Winston describes the use of purges during the formation of the party. The intense anger and hatred that Winston describes are characteristic of mob behaviour and learning. The characters of Orwell’s novel show almost animal like hatred for the opposition and hero worship for Big Brother. This behaviour appears unrealistic, but if you look at Britain during World War II there are some striking similarities. The people of Britain were suffering a savage war with horrors, deprivation, shortages and bombings. Death and loss were a constant threat, yet ordinary British people obeyed government instructions â€Å"keep calm and carry on†. The conformity of the people of 1984 is portrayed in different ways firstly; party uniforms remove any possibility of individuality. The idea that men and women wore the same uniform also removed gender as a source of identity. ‘ I’m going to get hold of a real women’s frock from somewhere and wear it instead of these bloody trousers’. Julia goes on to say ‘In this room I’m going to be a woman, not a party comrade’. (Page 164) During the war women’s role changed and they were required to do the work previously done by men. The uniforms they wore, although practical, had a distinctly masculine appearance. Clothing was rationed until March 1949 and women had learnt to live independently. The Bible (Deuteronomy 22. 5) clearly states, â€Å"The women shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man† highlighting the social unacceptability of women wearing trousers. This did not change until the 1960’s. Gender identity refers to the psychological and biological dimensions of sex. Freud (1925) described this as â€Å"Psychical consequences of anatomical distinction between the sexes†(Freud 1925) In the modern world, there is legislation that prohibits discrimination, because of a person’s gender identity, which is part of the human rights laws. (www. ransgenderlaw. org) Although Orwell gives his characters names, the society he is describing mainly refer to each other as comrade. This was also a common term used in Nazi Germany, during World War II. Removing the use of personal names is another means of removing an individual’s identity and individuality. The party is all-powerful, friendships and family structure is suppressed to limit the possibility of divided loyalties. The party demands absolute loyalty in thought and deed. Children are brainwashed via organization such as the Junior Spies and Youth Groups these are similar to Adolph Hitler’s Youth League, during World War II. Education was designed to suppress independent thought and sources of information were restricted and controlled. In the 1940’s most educational establishments, educated children via the ‘didactic model’ sometimes called teacher- centred teaching. This method is where knowledge is passed from teacher to pupil. The teacher speaks and the pupil’s listen. In the modern world students are educated via the ‘critical method’ this is sometimes called ‘student-centred learning’. This is a process where students are taught to explore, question and formulate truth and opinions for themselves. The use of investigating, discussing and debating are used to facilitate the development of independent thought. (Pollard1998) One of the most chilling depictions of the repressive and controlling nature of life in 1984, in my opinion, is the inclusion of the telescreen.. â€Å"The telescreen receives and transmitted simultaneously, you had to live did live, from habit that became instinctive in the assumption that every sound you made was over heard, and except in darkness, every movement scrutinised†. Page 5) The use of the telescreen was an ingenious concept, taking into account the era. Technology was primitive compared to the modern world. However, the military during World War II improved radar and rockets, this enabled the post war development of television (1946) and close circuit television (CCTV) (1949). The Star newspaper (January 14 1949) included an article explaining a â€Å"New system of television being used to aid road safety†. This system carried signa ls direct from a camera to a screen with both visual and audio reception, this was known as CCTV. The summer of 1949 saw the technology and the knowledge but not the resources available to launch satellites (The Star 1949) which we now know can be used to monitor, observe and transmit around the world. In today’s society Britain has earned a reputation as a world leader of surveillance. It is estimated that the average British citizen is caught on camera up to three hundred times per day (The Star 2005). However, observation of British citizens is not a new concept. During World War II mass observation was the government’s way of keeping in touch with the mood of the people. Tom Harrison, the director of mass observation called for observers to monitor war morale. Citizens’ reactions in cinemas were monitored to perceive the mood of the nation (Yesterdays Britain). Orwell used irony extensively through out his novel. For example He was alone: no telescreen, no ear at the keyhole, no nervous impulse to glance over his shoulder or cover the page with his hand. (Page 214) This contradicts appearance with reality and allows the reader to understand Winston’s motives and rebellion. Later the reader is informed that in fact the telescreen is hidden behind a picture, which was offered for sale by Mr Charrington earlier in the novel. This suggests to the reader that an enemy is not always obvious. The friend and foe situation between the Communists and the Nazi’s during the 1940’s is a clear example of a hidden enemy. In the present world, America and Britain are fighting a War on terrorism. It appears ironic that we are fighting a war against an unknown enemy; at home and abroad. Orwell’s character Winston Smith is frequently concerned with the parties’ alteration of facts and history. The quote â€Å"He who controls the past controls the future† is a terrifying notion. The alteration of history, whether personal or social removes individuality and identity it also, to a certain extent, changes reality into anything the ruling party deems it to be. Stalin, after the Russian revolution, had history rewritten to magnify his part in events. Trotsky’s part had been erased from Soviet textbooks. (Time Archive 1940) For information and historical events to be constant and unalterable they need to be remembered. Humans have a complex memory system, which enables information received from the environment to be processed. Short-term memory (STM) is information that is held temporarily and long-term memory (LTM) is a permanent storage system. For information to pass from STM into LTM individuals need to pay attention to the received information. Repetition, relearning and making the information meaningful help to maintain the information permanently. Orwell’s 1984 society appears to be attempting to remove LTM from its citizens. Information is received via telescreens but due to poor LTM development this information can be altered without the individual remembering the original information. This is achievable partly due to the act that new information interferes with previous memories. Orwell expressed his concerns (Politics and the English language) that government officials debating on historic events trivialised the truth and found ways to convince everyone that history never happened or happened but it didn’t mater any way. Young children have a limited memory capacity due to underdevelopment of the pre frontal cortex but also because they are not particularly interested in remembering the past thus make little effort to develop ways of making memories meaningful, which also makes recall more difficult. Orwell use’s this concept in his novel in a variety of ways. Firstly the characters in 1984 are more concerned with survival than the past. The present is more relevant to this aim than events from the past. With the invention of Newspeak, the official language of Oceania it enables the party to restrict speech, thought and consequently memory. Many in today’s society, would suggest that politicians have perfected their own form of â€Å"Newspeak†. The use of text messaging is also a modern day form of newspeak. Orwell was concerned with the use, or misuse of the English language. He felt that words with variable meaning were often used with the intent to deceive and that language was intended for expression not concealing or preventing thought. In the modern world the media is required to present a ‘balanced’ coverage of news and public affaires. However this results in a form of ‘double think’ in which truth is immediately neutered by an opposite truth. The second section of Orwell’s novel deals mainly with the love affair between the characters Winston and Julia. This gives the novel direction and hope. However, the inclusion of â€Å"the book† makes this a difficult section to read. Orwell’s intentions may well have been to explain the futility of war where there are no winners or indeed losers; just simply the maintenance of war. Hitler wrote a book called Mein Kampf (My Struggle) outlining his vision of the future of Germany. It was a ranting, sometimes unreadable vision of the future of Germany (The world’s most evil men). This may have been the inspiration for the inclusion of â€Å"the book† in Orwell’s novel. Orwell uses various figurative language through out his novel, this gives the writing greater power of expression and meets Orwell’s criteria for artistic purpose (Why I Write). For example the melodramatic use of the nursery rhyme â€Å"Oranges and lemons†, say the bells of St Clements’s! (Page 112) Is an epigram, the rhyme symbolizes, in an almost child like way, the past. Orwell maintains the original historical names of the London churches before the formation of the party. Through this symbolic representation it gives Winston hope that, fragments of the past can survive. Other characters gradually piece together the rhyme until Charington finally completes it during the capture of Winston and Julia. These Churches are recognisable in London today and keep the novel relevant after the year 1984. Orwell uses innuendo with the words â€Å"we shall meet in the place where there is no darkness† (Page 118). Winston believes these words are from O’Brien but Orwell manages to keep the origin and the significance of these words unknown until Winston and Julia are captured. This creates and develops a sense of foreboding and suspense, which maintains the controlling and manipulating society, which is being portrayed in 1984. Winston’s dreams of the â€Å"Golden Country† are the direct opposite of his reality in 1984. They represent peace, beauty, unity and uniqueness. These are Freudian theories as they reveal Winston’s subconscious. The capture and subsequent torture of Winston shows a curious, horrific and terrifying journey. The absolute and total destruction of the mind and body. However, the language and tone is calm and detached with surprisingly little malice, anger or hatred. This gives a deeper more powerful description of what Orwell is suggesting the future could be. It also gives the character O’Brien a more complex personality. He is constantly switching between ‘good guy’ and ‘bad guy’. This intrigues the reader, as well as Winston. Is he friend or foe? He has the â€Å"power† to do good or evil, which will he choose? Orwell is using an interesting psychological theory. He is suggesting that not all evil men are bad all the time and thus good people do not always act nicely. The reader is left with a feeling of wanting to like O’Brien but at the same time hating him for his cruelty. This strange relationship is as contradictory and confusing as Churchill and Roosevelt’s involvement with Stalin (1939). Despite the catastrophic purges, and the negative value that Stalin had demonstrated over human life, they still became allies. Churchill said of Stalin, at the Yalta summit, â€Å"I walk through the world with greater courage when I find myself in a relationship of friendship and intimacy with this great man. † Stalin concealed a cruel and calculating nature prepared to commit war crimes at least as evil as those of the enemy. (Worlds Most Evil Men) Winston represents mankind (us)†If you are a man, Winston, you are the last man. †(Page 309) Winston’s torture and re-education is his or our chance to save humanity, freedom, individuality, choice, beliefs and the right to be different. Orwell has used psychological manipulation of the mind to project a horrific interpretation of the destruction of mankind Orwell uses a terrifying concept, by taking Stalin and Hitler’s atrocities to a whole new level: total and absolute conformity in life as well as in death. So long as human beings stay human, death and life are the same thing. (Page 156) Orwell’s novel in my opinion is a plausible projection of the future as he saw it in 1948. Projections of the future, often allows the reader to become detached because the people appear different from oneself. However, Orwell creates characters that are not dissimilar from us (the reader). The inclusion of the proletarians, that cleverly maintain sentimental songs and normal human compassion, also prevents detachment and preserves recognisable modern parallels. The setting of this novel is used to maintain the past, the present and the future. For example, the central administration building of The University of London which was used during World War II as the headquarters for the ministry of information. All censoring systems were coordinated from here. It bears a striking resemblance to the Ministry of Love described in 1984 and amusingly its telegraphic address was â€Å"miniform†. (www. orwelltoday. com) All other significant buildings, described in 1984 can be located in London today. This was probably Orwell’s intention and it keeps the novel viable even after the year 1984. In returning to the original question I feel I have demonstrated that George Orwell used many sources of inspiration, from the world, in his writing of 1984 and it powerfully reflects the times in which it was written. After the publication of Animal Farm (1945) Orwell explained that he intended â€Å"to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole†(Why I Write). This suggests that Orwell was concerned with Britain’s future. Even with overwhelming evidence of the evil nature of the Stalin regime, they still became allies with Britain and America. Malcolm Muggeride said of Orwell â€Å"He loved the past, hated the present and dreaded the future. I strongly believe that Orwell intended 1984, as a warning of what the world could become, not necessarily what it would become, if ‘we’ (the future) did not take action and responsibility. Orwell has left a legacy, a permanent warning. For the present and the future, to prevent the formation of the totalitarian states of the past. His terminology has given modern day man, the language to express themselves and to protect civil liberties and influence human rights. 1984 is a political satire that exaggerates all that was wrong with the world in 1949 to hopefully shock and horrify a nation into action and prevent this type of society becoming a reality. Although the date of the book has passed the message is still clear and in some ways more relevant today, than when it was written. The advances in technology have made the surveillance and monitoring of citizens easier and more commonplace. Freedom, in the true sense of the word still depends on where you live, your age and your gender. However, I feel Orwell’s novel should be recognised for its extraordinary impact and significant contribution to human rights in the modern world. Although Orwell’s warning has been subjected to many interpretations I feel a novelist is supposed to make you think and possibly reflect: you must agree, job well done. Despite its critics 1984 has sold millions of copies and has been translated into 65 languages.

Female economy

Female economy The twenty first century has seen the elevated extension of the world economy. As years progress changes have been inevitable as issues such as the financial crisis wreak havoc with economies. Following this, researchers are focusing their studies on how best to penetrate the current market and emerge unscathed despite the prevalent challenges. It is from this point of view that Sayre and Silverstein (2009) sought to examine the place of women in todays market. In their article they explore the predicament facing women and companies due to the latters failure to acknowledge the power women possess. Women are increasingly dominating the worlds market and as drivers of the world economy, they demand attention from product and service companies. Estimated to control almost $20trillion in annual consumer expenditure, they are a neglected consumer group resulting in hefty untapped opportunities. The article indicates that a majority of women feel highly underserved and sidelined by product companies. This is despite the current and growing stature of women in the society. Women have become quite powerful due to the effects of education, leadership opportunities and career opportunities. It is no longer a world where most women were uneducated; currently women dominate half of global students and this enhances their capacities for choice of consumption. Furthermore, most women are seeking to advance their career opportunities and employment is accompanied by elements of dynamic consumption needs. In the study, it is eminent that women face challenges in managing their households and finances, having too many demands and the lack of enough time for themselves. Right here is a loophole for companies to capitalize and serve women with regard to their specific needs. Sayre and Silverstein (2009) emphasize that companies must learn the strategies of selling to women especially bec ause their dominance is bound to accrue large profits. A comprehensive research study requires a concrete research problem. In Sayre and Silverstein (2009), the researchers aimed at understanding how women feel about their work and lives and how they were served by businesses. Even though the stated research problem detailed indicated the appropriate form of research methodology to be used it did not indicate the overall subject of the study. Walliman (2006, p.67) argue that hypotheses used in constructing the research problem should emerge from logical deductions from a background research of the topic. However, the article does not use ample background research as no literature review is evident in the study. In addition, while the study is keen to address the fact that women dominate todays market the research problem does not draw a connection to this fact. The research problem guides one into conceptualizing the appropriate form of research methodology and as the article progresses it is evident that qualitative methods were most ap propriate. The study chose to use qualitative research methods in understanding womens needs and their feelings on the services offered by businesses. Qualitative research is suitable in such studies which seek to understand issues comprehensively and whose qualitative data cannot accomplish the same. As asserted by Ragin (1994, p.83) qualitative research emphasizes on in-depth knowledge and a refined elaboration of images, concepts and overall perceptions. In the study, the qualitative research methods used were the questionnaire and interview methods. All these methods were web based with most of the participants being required to access web services and undertake the interviews. The web survey posted in the consultancy groups website attracted more than 12 000 women from a vast range of geographies. The survey contained a questionnaire with 120 questions about different aspects of womens lives. Such aspects included homes, careers, education, relationships, interests and activities among oth ers. This form of survey gives anonymity to participants who then feel uncompromised in answering the questions given. In addition it targets a wide range of participants and thus increases the validity of research results as participants are diverse and unbiased. The web survey was in tandem with the research goal as the questions addressed the research problem and even heightened the researchs effect through a diversified response. As a qualitative research method, the interview presents a unique form of conversation where the interviewer seeks to understand various items in the participants point of view. Internet interviewing provides for a suitable interviewing technique. With the similar advantage of anonymity, the researcher can seek answers from participants through email and other chat services. The study used internet interviewing in their study of women working in various organizations. Hewson (2003, p.45) observes that internet interviewing may limit the researcher from accessing nonverbal information expressed by participants. In a situation where the research clearly embarks on a mission of comprehensiveness, this might be a shortfall in the study. Interview conversations need to be highly structured and this prompts researchers to design specific interview questions in order to guide the process. In any research study, it is expected that various procedures are undertaken as a way of ensuring the comprehensiveness and credibility of the study. At the onset of research preparations are made on how to acquire research participants. While the article underlies the target of the survey to be women, it fails to stipulate protocol for sampling. This open web survey received responses from women and the conducted interviews were similarly addressed to women. The articles failure to outline the sampling procedure lives room for speculation and skepticism on the researchs validity and reliability. Regardless of the sampling misdemeanors, this open form of web survey attracted a sample of participants who fit in with the research outcomes perfectly. Ethical considerations in carrying out research are an integral part of any research study. Its importance is quite pertinent and omitting it may lead to dire consequences. In the article, there are no indications of any ethical underpinnings to the study. The web survey does not provide any contractual agreement detailing the object of the research and reasons for research. Whether in the web survey or interviews carried out by the researcher, they are required to make the potential research participant understand their role in the research process. Bell (2005, p.45) argues that it is insufficient when the interviewer just displays the contract and expects the participant to sign it. Seeking consent of the participants is important and the article has no evidence that these measures were taken. In the view of a lack of consent or infringed privacy, researchers are liable to facing legal repercussions which may waylay their research. Moreover, as an interviewer it is crucial to ask questions in a respectful manner which takes into consideration the various characteristics of the participants. Dealing with internet interviews may require one to infer on the appropriate time for the interview and researchers should take any recommendations respectfully. In cases of any shortcomings caused by ineffective ethical considerations, the article should have stated so. Despite this, the web survey allowed participants to engage in the study at their own time and the questions used were in no way inappropriate. Following the study the article chose six archetypes which were observed to be common amongst respondents. It is through these common characteristics that the data collected was analyzed. The data analysis is not clearly detailed as the procedures undertaken in compiling and evaluating the various responses are not outlined. The article immediately embarks on presenting the research results and findings. The six archetypes included fast-tracker, pressure cooker, relationship focused; managing on her own, fulfilled empty nester and making ends meet (Silverstein, 2009, p.49). With reference to each of these aspects, the article expounds on the factors which make women the largest consumers with regard to the products from the specific industries. Using these segments was instrumental in establishing the kind of consumers marketers in companies should aim to target. It is similarly advantageous to understand what consumers are looking for in the market and their specific needs. The key segments were well presented in a chart describing their income levels, age and stages of life. The article also extensively presents the portion of the population each type of women occupied and the percentage of overall income possessed. The article further indicated the priorities and needs of the women in each segment which gives marketers an idea of the most appropriate consumer goods for them. In the industries which presented the largest opportunities like food, fitness, beauty and apparel, women voiced their views on their experiences with these industries. For instance, women were seen to value fitness highly but it always tends to take a backseat in their lives. The reason behind this was the fact that most women often prioritized other peoples needs before their own. Thus, the lack of time provided an opportunity for fitness centers to derive fitness sessions which were less time consuming. On the other hand, the study also included responses on such industries as financial services and healthcare where women felt neglected and underserved. Considering that womens income margins are quite high and they continue to rise, they are required to access effective financial services. Women cited disrespect, stereotyping, poor advice and contradictory policies as some of the characteristics of financial institutions. It was clear that these institutions needed to review their approaches and embark on a marketing strategy aimed at keeping women customers happy. The conclusions made in the article are derived from a logical and comprehensive evaluation of the research findings. The article draws from insights on the future outlook of the worlds economy and the effects of the ever growing female workforce. The future of most companies lies at the hand of women as they make up the majority of the worlds consumer spenders. Furthermore, as the research sought to answer the research questions it studies various segments which define women and their consumer needs. As the article concludes that women will continue to experience challenges in such areas, companies must target the specific needs of women. Women are seen to respond to services which encourage love, care and respect which provide a clear picture of what companies should do in order to accrue more sales. The article has in no way illustrated limitations for the research which indicates a subjective form of study. It is crucial to indicate shortcomings of a study and cite areas where mo re research should be carried out. Nevertheless, the article is indeed quite informative and provides ample insights for marketers and companies dealing with women consumers. References Bell, J. (2005). Doing your Research Project: A Guide for First Time Researchers in Educationand Social Science. Berkshire: Open University Press. Hewson, C. (2003). Internet Research Methods: A Practical Guide for the Social and Behavioral Science. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Ragin, C.C. (1994). Constructing Social Research: The Unity and Diversity of Method. California: Pine Forge Press. Sayre, K., and Silverstein, M.J. (September, 2009). The Female Economy Harvard Business Review. hbr.org Walliman, N. (2006). Social Research Methods. London: Sage Publications Ltd.

Tools of the Trade :: Mother Tongue Amy Tan Language Essays

Tools of the Trade To many people, language was not seen as a form of communication, but as a barrier that cut them off from the world. This was a common problem for people coming from other countries or who grew up under privileged. Amy Tan and Jimmy Santiago Baca each tell a personal story of how they overcame their own language obstacles. Tan struggled with her mother’s â€Å"broken† English. Baca had to endure most of his young life facing prison and illiteracy. As they went through their experiences with speech, they defied stereotypes and became successful. Even though each story is told from a different situational point of view, they have a similar message. Amy Tan’s short article called â€Å"Mother Tongue† shows a limitation in speech does not necessarily mean a limitation on life. She tells the story of how her mother changed her view on language. While giving a well practiced speech, she realized that the speech sounded wrong. Having her mother in the audience gave her this feeling of doubt. â€Å"Recently, I was made keenly aware of the different Englishes I do use† (Tan 35). Throughout Tan’s life she’s had to overcome several difficulties that her mother’s â€Å"limited English† have brought upon her. She would take on her mother’s responsibilities of communicating with other people. Her mother’s language dependency on Tan made her feel embarrassed. Most Asian people were advised to go into engineering because of their improper English. Tan felt this label was placed on her as well. As she grew up she saw her people’s stereotypes as a reason to try for something deemed unreachable. â€Å"Fortunately, I happen to be rebellious in nature and enjoy the challenge of disproving assumptions made about me† (Tan 39). She became an English major her first year of college and started writing fiction in 1985. Tan conquered an assumption put on her by others and even herself. Tan’s article appealed to emotions and has logic because she shared her story and backed it up with how people treated her and her mother. She showed boldness by writing her article and giving her courage to others. Jimmy Santiago Baca wrote â€Å"Coming into Language† to send a message of encouragement to people who are facing illiteracy and are seeing it as a dead end.

My father had told me that I should consider first my budget

I am so excited in buying my first car. Can’t wait to drive it! As I was browsing through catalogues and asking friends and family I’ve learned that there are factors that I have to consider in purchasing a car. I thought it was as easy as buying a chocolate bar at the store. My father had told me that I should consider first my budget. What’s the budget I’ve allotted for my car? It was only then that I had thought about it. It seems that my budget won’t match the car I’ve dreamed of buying.So my father told me to think of the other factors, such as, look for a car that would fit my budget. Next is the quality of the car, like the engine and the body; and lastly are the features of the car. What I did was look through the catalogues and brochures again. Write on a piece of paper the features I like and the kind of engine that fits my lifestyle. On the other side are the features of the cars I’m looking at. Cross out the things that I d on’t like, and left out what I like and the things that match them.It was only then that I was able to choose the car that I’ll be purchasing. But there are three choices left, which I really have to think about and consider. I again consulted my father about it to finalize my decision. He told me to go and check out the cars that are in my list, â€Å"Once you’re there and check them you’ll know which one is for you. † And I did went to check the cars out. I wasn’t able to see the third choice for when I saw the second car I knew it was for me.As if it was calling me, when I approached it to check out the seats, the interiors and engine, I didn’t waste any time at all and spoke to the car salesman. That afternoon I negotiated with the salesman and was able to purchase the car less than my budget. I felt so accomplished and victorious. The salesman told me to go back after a few days for the car. I called my father while I was walking out of the office, telling him what happened. He was just laughing while I was talking.I kept on talking as if I didn’t hear he was laughing on the other line. When I was finished he said, â€Å"That’s what I was telling you. Now you know what I was saying. And I can say that you’re too proud and happy that you were able to purchase your first car on your own. † When I heard that I just nodded and said, â€Å"Thank you very much, Dad. I love you. † It was such a fulfilling feeling that, I won’t forget that experience. I go with the same process every time I would purchase something. I’ve learned a lot from my father.

Easy How-to Articles

Easy How-to Articles Do you enjoy writing personal essays but find there arent enough markets for your manuscripts? Dont leave them on your hard drive. Instead, use your personal experiences and turn your essays into how-to articles When reviewing the sales Ive had over the years, from the first manuscript I sold to my most recent sale, I discovered that a good portion of them were personal essay/how-to articles. In these articles, I shared anecdotes of what worked for me in certain circumstances and the insights I gained. I then gave tips on how readers could apply the knowledge to their own situations. IDEAS For example, one of my how-to articles described how my husband and I co-owned a water ski boat with another couple. I pointed out how well our arrangement worked and why it made sense because of the high cost of new boats. I then outlined what should be included in a written contract, such as how many weeks of vacation per year each person can use the boat and what to do if one person wants to sell his part of the co-ownership. I also included a photo of our co-owned boat. I sold the article and photo to a water ski magazine, followed My most recent how-to article shared how meaningful it was when friends and family waited with me during my husbands brain tumor operation and how Ive waited with friends while their loved ones were in surgery. I offered tips on providing support during this anxious time, such as bringing a snack basket, offering encouragement, and praying with them. We all have our own unique personal experiences and areas of expertise. I draw on my experiences from water skiing, parenting, church activities, volunteer work, living with a chronic illness, and working as a teachers aide. Where does your expertise lie? What experiences have improved your life? What knowledge have you gained from your experiences that you could share through tips or insights to help readers going through similar situations? THE WRITING A good way to get started in the how-to genre is Start with an anecdote of your personal experience, lead into your insight in conversational paragraphs or bullet points, and offer tips. Finally, summarize the main point of the article and leave readers with words of encouragement. You can also include a sidebar with additional information on your subject matter. When I wrote about the joys of sponsoring needy children, I included a sidebar listing organizations that offer sponsorship and included contact information, along with the associated monthly costs. SELLING HOW-TO ARTICLES How-to articles are ideal for reprint sales, bringing in extra income without a lot of extra effort. An article sharing how I improved our familys dinner hour sold to five publications one womans magazine, two family magazines, and two regional parenting magazines. As long as the circulation doesnt overlap, submit to as many markets as possible, following each magazines guidelines. You dont need to give up writing personal essays because of limited markets. Turn those essays and personal experiences into how-to articles and watch your sales grow.

Best Foot Forward

Best Foot Forward Best Foot Forward Best Foot Forward By Simon Kewin Someone who puts their best foot forward must, logically, have three or more feet. Although this is a very common phrase (the title of a 1943 Lucille Ball film, for example) it is, at least for humans, grammatically incorrect. Best is the superlative form of the adjective good and superlatives are used to refer to one item from a group of three or more. The comparative form of the adjective better in the case of good should be used to refer to one item from two. So, the phrase should be better foot forward if talking about a biped. Only a creature with three or more feet a centipede for example could actually put its best foot forward. The general point applies to all comparative and superlative adjectives. You cant be the fastest runner in a race of two, for example, only the faster. Here are some examples of this usage around the web: There are hopeful signs. On Wednesday he conceded he couldnt get the economy going again simply by blaming the Democrats, up to now his favorite response to the recession. And he said yesterday that he would run on my whole record, suggesting that he may put his best foot forward instead of merely stepping on his opponents. NY Times The Bears arrived in St. Louis without their best pass rusher - Pernell McPhee stayed home with a knee injury - and yet they left with a convincing TKO of a potent Rams offense. LA Times Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesThe Writing ProcessThrew and Through

Strong evidence Essays

Strong evidence Essays Strong evidence Paper Strong evidence Paper One definition of knowledge is true belief based on strong evidence. What makes evidence strong enough and how can this limit be established? The Oxford Dictionary states evidence as Anything that gives people reason to believe in something . This is however incorrect, as one can provide strong evidence and not change peoples beliefs, if their belief is based on something else. Equally, one can believe in something without substantial evidence (for example God). In this essay however, we are focussing on strength of evidence. Concentrating on religion, mathematics, science and history, we will try to understand how we can measure strength of evidence in each case, and then conclude upon whether there is a universal measure of strength of evidence, or whether strength depends upon the area to which it is applicable.Religion is by definition true belief in something. From an atheists point of view, much of the evidence that proves the existence of higher beings has links that are tenuous at best. For example, the Bible speaks of the ten plagues. These appear to be inexplicable except for the acceptance of some form of divine power. However, modern science is now showing that these events may have been caused by something other than the presence of a god, and can be explained as acts of nature the eruption of nearby Mount Santorini would explain all the ten plagues, and also how Moses crossed the sea, which was not in fact the Red Sea, but the Reed Sea the result of a mistranslation from Hebrew . It is problems like this that many would say disprove religion. The problem we face is that religion is immaterial, therefore there is nothing to test, and scientists are only able to test things so that they may disprove them. Does this mean that religion cannot be knowledge, as there is no testable evidence? Is it not a purely scientific view to say that all evidence must be testable by scientific means? Many religious people believe there is evidence of the existence of higher beings in events that are considered miraculous, such as the sudden healing of an ill person thought to be beyond hope, which medical science cannot explain. Others would argue however that there are many natural phenomena which modern science cannot explain but we have evidence of, such as spontaneous human combustion the process by which people catch fire without source of ignition, and burn at temperatures high enough to burn bones, but do not damage their surroundings. Therefore though current technology may not be able to pinpoint the reason why miracles happen, future knowledge may be able to. Indeed, some people have proved the resurrection of Jesus through the principles of law the six disciples who were witness to his resurrection all testified to it, without any reason to lie. Maths is what many would call absolute knowledge, in that it cannot be disproved once proved. However, this is because maths is an abstract concept 2+2 equals 4 because this is one of the basic premises upon all of which math is based, you cannot therefore disprove it. Mathematical paradigms are established through proofs, which are a series of logical arguments. While evidence can be used to show existence of paradigms, it cannot prove them they must be shown as true using already established rules and deductive logic (the process of taking already established ideas and building upon them). In the case of Fermats last theorem, numerical evidence was given to show it was probably true, as even with computer aid, no numbers could be found to disprove the theory. This however did not constitute a proof, and it took over 300 years from the invention of the theory to its final proof. Therefore in mathematics, knowledge is not based on evidence, it is based on proof. This does not mean we cannot look at strength of evidence in mathematics. Evidence is used to show theories which might be true, and in this case, strength of evidence is purely based on amount the more examples you can give where the theory works, the stronger the evidence.Science is in essence a series of ideas and disproofs one has an idea, one shows it fits certain patterns, and that idea holds true until it is disproved. It is therefore unlike mathematics in that proven theories can later be disproved. It is also important to note that theories may be used which are known to be incorrect, but work for many examples. This is due to a lack of a better theory to explain behaviour. For example, the model of the atom with its orbiting electrons cannot work, as a moving charge would produce a magnetic field, taking away the electrons energy and eventually stopping it. This does not happen, however we stick to this model as evidence shows it works with most cases.

Communication at work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communication at work - Essay Example Michael (1988), states in his study that the communicator must make sure to be direct when communicating at work. He further asserts that the communicator should not involve irrelevant messages while he communicates as these irrelevant messages can lead to errors at the workplace. The misconception about reaching the point in communication at workplaces is that the communicator usually thinks that adding up other points may give him an advantage but this rather creates an absurd image in which one can miss out the main points of the original message. So it can be concluded that in communication it is necessary that the main point is laid out first so that these points are missed out later on by the relevant authorities (Michael 1988 & Kelly 1979). Another thing which is important in the mean of communication is that the person who is communicating does note carefully if the listener or the person who is being referred to understand the theme of the message. According to Broadwell and Dietrich (1998), this can be achieved by a two-way process. By two-way process here it is meant that the communicator should ask for replies from the person who is being referred to with the message. This would help to assure the communicator that his message is being interpreted properly by the listener. Similarly, if this is not done the message would be misinterpreted and other problems may arise at the workplace because of this miscommunication. Positivism is one important aspect of communicating at work.

The Fall of The Roman Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Fall of The Roman Empire - Essay Example However the major reasons for the Roman Empire could be stated as: antagonist behavior among Emperor and senate, derogatory moral and ethical principles, political corruption, the Empire’s vast expansion, the barbarian nature of Roman military and their heavy spending and natural disasters. One of the major cause o f declines of Roman Empire was the Agnostic style of rule by Roman rulers as they had legal power in military, civil and religious areas of Rome. The decisions of life and death were in hands of Roman rulers. The Roman rulers who were rich and immoral, practiced law in a wrongful manner led to their downfall. As per (Heather 102) â€Å"Roman public life was stripped of its moral fiber with the destruction of Carthage, its major rival, in 146 BC†. Decline in moral and ethical values was a prime reason for the destabilizing of the Roman Empire. The reckless behavior of wealthy upper class Romans had an adverse impact on Roman citizens. The malpractices like promiscuous sexual activates forgery, adultery and arrogance led to their fall gradually. The widespread emergence of brothels, gambling activities and excessive consumption of alcohol led Romans to a failure as rulers. Another main reason for the downfall of Roman Empire was the prevalence of political corruption among soldiers .The political corruption was practiced mainly by the elite soldiers who were Emperor’s body guards. They gained such a power because they could solely decide whether to retain the emperor or overthrew him from the position. The Praetorian guards even held the authority to auction the royal position to the person who bid the highest. According to (Grisham) â€Å"Political corruption was rife in Roman society. Even choosing a new Emperor was difficult and uncertain. The army and Praetorian Guard (the Emperors elite bodyguards) fought over succession†. The speed of expansion of the geographical area of the Roman Empire also resulted in its loss of power. The Roman rulers

Making Projects Successful Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Making Projects Successful - Essay Example Additionally, the growth of a business demands that the essential transformations to business processes such as acquisitions and mergers, novel service as well as product lines, new branches, regulatory requirements, and latest IT systems should be determined and maintained more quickly. Thus, the IT decision-makers have to recognize and present the entire applicable information in a reliable format. They have to incorporate the complete information on the IT landscape (EDUCAUSE Center for Applied Research, 2004) & (Dodaro, 1998). In case of too long IT planning there is need to establish an exercise in number-crunching, as well shallow in its concern of the influence to the planning, forcing economical assessments that dont attain preferred outcomes. However, this could be done via a high-quality IT planning procedure. Additionally, for the business reliable decision-making it is essential to describe methodology, framework, or process. The IT planning for a business consists of the entire of the operations and activities that hold up dependable decision-making. To formulate quality decisions, the procedure should establish the correct questions and supply the information that is able to up hold the decision-making (EDUCAUSE Center for Applied Research, 2004) & (Dodaro, 1998). In scenario of IT planning metrics is a way of quantifying the individuality of things like that products and processes. Additionally, the metrics describes what is to be calculated, how it is calculated, the unit of assessment as well as the source of the data. However, a metrics has to incorporate the similar knowledge regarding IT planning to a number of controls data, for example, corporate historical data or benchmark. Additionally, the intelligent collection of data from a well-planned and continuing IT metrics plan will facilitate management to recognize which of their actions are performing well as well as

Critically disscuss the principles underpinning the doctrine of Essay

Critically disscuss the principles underpinning the doctrine of consideration and its necessity in english contract law - Essay Example This exchange is that exchange of consideration. Thus, if no consideration exists it holds that there is nothing on which to create or found liability. Reciprocal undertakings between the contracting parties have to be there. Promises by either of the parties have to be fulfilled. Therefore, if neither of the contracting parties promises or gives anything, there exists no consideration for the second party to promise or act. In the past, when contracts were entirely verbal, the English Common law never wanted to enforce any offers that were gratuitous, (that is, offers without anything in exchange). Thus, the criterion of consideration was added to the Common law. Judge Wilmot stated in his verdict in a 1765 case of Pillans vs Mierop, that consideration came in the times of verbal contracts and to such, the law required something to make agreements formal. This was to let the court determine at what point a deliberate undertaking took place to obligate oneself. Any contract which doe s not have consideration is called a nudum pactum. (duhaime.org, 2011) The doctrine of consideration attaches to itself several principles according to Ramsey and Thomas Telford limited in their book. These are very essential as per the book and they determine sufficiency and adequacy. These include the facts that consideration has to be sufficient or real, it has to be something besides the existing obligation to the contracting parties, it must not be a consideration for past contracts, it has to be given as a return to a prior promise, it must be economically valuable and it has to emanate from the party making a promise. (Ramsey and Thomas Telford Ltd, 2007 p 253) The study will narrow down on the principles, though. Focus will be on the main requirements for a contract to be considered valid. To this, four main principles will be put into consideration. Four main principles have to exist in a contract so as consideration to uphold or to be valid. These include the fact that con sideration has to be sufficient but not necessarily adequate, it is a must it be valuable, consideration has to come from the promisee to the promisor and it maybe executed or executor, though. Past consideration is not enough to and a promise. This, study is going to consider the four principles or requirements in detail and also in pursuit of understanding further the doctrine. The requirements are going to be tackled in the order in which they are stated. (Lisa, 2002) The major rule under consideration as Fisher and Greenwood state in their book is that it is a must consideration be sufficient be sufficient it is not a must it be adequate, though. To the adequacy issue, the book says that there is nothing amiss in purchasing a valuable item like a painting for an amount of USD 10. Fundamentally, consideration is just token showing a party’s intent in making a legal contract unlike a social non-biding agreement. This stated token involves the giving of a thing that is of va lue in line with the requirements of law. Consideration, thus, is no prove of fairness or equity in a contract, but it is just an evidence that there exists a legal and enforceable contractual agreement between the involved parties. This is in opposition to any social arrangement with no intent of a legal contract. Note that, the

Perfume Brands Calvin Klein & Bvlgari Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Perfume Brands Calvin Klein & Bvlgari - Essay Example CKCC was a Unilever brand until few years back but its licensing agreement was then bought from Unilever by Coty Inc. Calvin Klein perfumes were known for its premium brand value and extremely good fragrance of all kinds. Eternity and Obsessions are the two popular perfume varieties of CK. These two are offered for both men and women. Bvlgari is the Italian luxury goods manufacturer. Like CK, Bvlgari too has wide array of luxury perfumes catering to the needs of men and women. Voile de Jasmin, Aqua, Pour Homme, Omnia and Rose Essentielle are the popular Bvlgari fragrances. All these names are well placed in the premium perfume segment. Together, CK and Bvlgari form the biggest names in the luxury fragrance industry. Main body Behind the huge success of the brands are not just the marketing activities alone. A major part of the success can be attributed to the perfumers who are in continual efforts to develop the best formula that gives the heavenly fragrance. There are basically two types of fragrances based on the skin scents. The first kind emits its own fragrance or forms the major portion of the overall smell. The second kind helps to enhance the skins own scent by giving it a better fragrance. Compared to CK, Bvlgari is more specialized in the second kind which is more unique. Another factor that differentiates both the brands is the customers that they target.

Government and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Government and Politics - Essay Example But to foreigners it can also be one of the most bizarre. The election race in some countries including United Kingdom takes just a few weeks, but US presidential runners undertake a political epic, negotiating 'primaries', 'party conventions' and an 'Electoral College' system down the way (Bennett 2005, pg 270). In the UK, the party chooses a candidate, but in the US, however, supporters who declare vote for one party or another get to pick from the list of candidates (Bennett 2005, pg. 270). The candidates, campaigning in opposition to other candidates of the same party, must win enough 'state primaries' to give them the most delegates at the party convention in the summer (pg. 271). Some states, such as Iowa, use a 'caucus system' rather than primaries to select. Whereas in primaries people only indicate at the vote box which candidate they support, caucuses (the word derives from an Indian word for a gathering) are more intricate and work by selecting delegates through several stages. That intricacy was borne out of the American's supposed"forerunners'" panic of autocracy and the longing to defend the authority of individual States. There are, in general, two sorts of primaries - open and closed. ... 272). As The 'political convention' is exceptionally an American belief, one that is cracked down on the political parties that have organized Americans' preferences in ruling for almost 175 years. The interesting thing is that political conventions are not stated in its Constitution. Certainly, the forerunners of America viewed political parties with suspect or outright opposition. Yet now, they can barely imagine a government without political parties, and the parties' conventions are huge, broadcasted media events (Bennett 2005, pg. 273). Each State reaches the hall with its own delegates and placards declaring which presidential applicant it supports. Regardless of the 'lack of enthusiasm' from the founding fathers of the U.S. to accept political parties, two had rebounded in some decades of the country's beginning. These first parties were defined with a loose knot, and it's tricky to find exactly when they started. By the late nineties, however, these parties were becoming more planned and playing a larger role in American political affairs. Nowadays, presidential primaries have made the conventions pointless for practical reasons. They exist mainly as a 'selling tool' and a political 'pep rally', where each party pretends a well-choreographed show. The rival candidates square up for the presidential movement proper. Policies are polished, often to consider the supporters of the applicants who have been purged. This phase of the campaign is shorter than the plod through the State primaries. There are heavy expenses spent on TV hypes on a national scale, and there are routinely debates on TV between the applicants for Presidential elections. In the closing weeks, the candidates in general

Critically disscuss the principles underpinning the doctrine of Essay

Critically disscuss the principles underpinning the doctrine of consideration and its necessity in english contract law - Essay Example This exchange is that exchange of consideration. Thus, if no consideration exists it holds that there is nothing on which to create or found liability. Reciprocal undertakings between the contracting parties have to be there. Promises by either of the parties have to be fulfilled. Therefore, if neither of the contracting parties promises or gives anything, there exists no consideration for the second party to promise or act. In the past, when contracts were entirely verbal, the English Common law never wanted to enforce any offers that were gratuitous, (that is, offers without anything in exchange). Thus, the criterion of consideration was added to the Common law. Judge Wilmot stated in his verdict in a 1765 case of Pillans vs Mierop, that consideration came in the times of verbal contracts and to such, the law required something to make agreements formal. This was to let the court determine at what point a deliberate undertaking took place to obligate oneself. Any contract which doe s not have consideration is called a nudum pactum. (duhaime.org, 2011) The doctrine of consideration attaches to itself several principles according to Ramsey and Thomas Telford limited in their book. These are very essential as per the book and they determine sufficiency and adequacy. These include the facts that consideration has to be sufficient or real, it has to be something besides the existing obligation to the contracting parties, it must not be a consideration for past contracts, it has to be given as a return to a prior promise, it must be economically valuable and it has to emanate from the party making a promise. (Ramsey and Thomas Telford Ltd, 2007 p 253) The study will narrow down on the principles, though. Focus will be on the main requirements for a contract to be considered valid. To this, four main principles will be put into consideration. Four main principles have to exist in a contract so as consideration to uphold or to be valid. These include the fact that con sideration has to be sufficient but not necessarily adequate, it is a must it be valuable, consideration has to come from the promisee to the promisor and it maybe executed or executor, though. Past consideration is not enough to and a promise. This, study is going to consider the four principles or requirements in detail and also in pursuit of understanding further the doctrine. The requirements are going to be tackled in the order in which they are stated. (Lisa, 2002) The major rule under consideration as Fisher and Greenwood state in their book is that it is a must consideration be sufficient be sufficient it is not a must it be adequate, though. To the adequacy issue, the book says that there is nothing amiss in purchasing a valuable item like a painting for an amount of USD 10. Fundamentally, consideration is just token showing a party’s intent in making a legal contract unlike a social non-biding agreement. This stated token involves the giving of a thing that is of va lue in line with the requirements of law. Consideration, thus, is no prove of fairness or equity in a contract, but it is just an evidence that there exists a legal and enforceable contractual agreement between the involved parties. This is in opposition to any social arrangement with no intent of a legal contract. Note that, the

Government and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Government and Politics - Essay Example But to foreigners it can also be one of the most bizarre. The election race in some countries including United Kingdom takes just a few weeks, but US presidential runners undertake a political epic, negotiating 'primaries', 'party conventions' and an 'Electoral College' system down the way (Bennett 2005, pg 270). In the UK, the party chooses a candidate, but in the US, however, supporters who declare vote for one party or another get to pick from the list of candidates (Bennett 2005, pg. 270). The candidates, campaigning in opposition to other candidates of the same party, must win enough 'state primaries' to give them the most delegates at the party convention in the summer (pg. 271). Some states, such as Iowa, use a 'caucus system' rather than primaries to select. Whereas in primaries people only indicate at the vote box which candidate they support, caucuses (the word derives from an Indian word for a gathering) are more intricate and work by selecting delegates through several stages. That intricacy was borne out of the American's supposed"forerunners'" panic of autocracy and the longing to defend the authority of individual States. There are, in general, two sorts of primaries - open and closed. ... 272). As The 'political convention' is exceptionally an American belief, one that is cracked down on the political parties that have organized Americans' preferences in ruling for almost 175 years. The interesting thing is that political conventions are not stated in its Constitution. Certainly, the forerunners of America viewed political parties with suspect or outright opposition. Yet now, they can barely imagine a government without political parties, and the parties' conventions are huge, broadcasted media events (Bennett 2005, pg. 273). Each State reaches the hall with its own delegates and placards declaring which presidential applicant it supports. Regardless of the 'lack of enthusiasm' from the founding fathers of the U.S. to accept political parties, two had rebounded in some decades of the country's beginning. These first parties were defined with a loose knot, and it's tricky to find exactly when they started. By the late nineties, however, these parties were becoming more planned and playing a larger role in American political affairs. Nowadays, presidential primaries have made the conventions pointless for practical reasons. They exist mainly as a 'selling tool' and a political 'pep rally', where each party pretends a well-choreographed show. The rival candidates square up for the presidential movement proper. Policies are polished, often to consider the supporters of the applicants who have been purged. This phase of the campaign is shorter than the plod through the State primaries. There are heavy expenses spent on TV hypes on a national scale, and there are routinely debates on TV between the applicants for Presidential elections. In the closing weeks, the candidates in general

Statistics in Business Essay Example for Free

Statistics in Business Essay What is statistics? Statistics is collecting, measuring, analyzing, and communicating data. There are two types of statistics, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Lind, Marchal, Wathen, 2011). Statistics are applied in different situations. This paper will describe the role statistics has in making business decisions. This paper will also provide examples of situations in which statistics are applied. Types of Statistics Lind, Marchal, and Wathen define statistics as â€Å"The science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in making more effective decisions (Lind, et al. , 2011, p. 5). In statistics there are two types, descriptive and inferential statistics. First, descriptive statistics is the informative organization, summarization, and presentation of data. The second type of statistics is inferential statistics. Inferential statistics is also called statistical inference, is â€Å"the methods used to estimate a property of a population on the basis of a sample† (Lind, et al., 2011 p. 7). Statistic Examples One example of statistics in a situation is when starting a weight loss program. To measure the progress of the weight loss over time the individual would measure their weight on the same day and time every week then plot the results on a chart for six months. Another example is in baseball. In baseball a batter statistics is used to see the probability of hitting certain types of the pitches and rather the batter can hit a homerun. A third example is when network channels use inferential statistics to determine when to cancel a program. The networks gather data samples of the viewers’ preferences. The ratings of the viewers’ program preference are in turn used to determine which programs are canceled. Conclusion In conclusion, statics was defined as the collection, measurement, analysis, and communication of data. The two types of statistics, descriptive and inferential statistics were also defined. Finally, three examples weight loss measurement, baseball hits, and program ratings were presented to provide situations were statistics were applied.

How Significant is any of Cultural homogenisation to the development of the global tourism and/or hospitality industry?

How Significant is any of Cultural homogenisation to the development of the global tourism and/or hospitality industry? The main aim of this essay is to explore the role of cultural homogenization to the development of the global hospitality and tourism industry in the acceptance of products and consumer behaviour in the different contexts. This essay will start by walk around the common character of consumers demand and consumption following discuss some key issue of perspectives on consumers demand and, more especially consumers attitude. Consumers attitude is habitually view as a by- product of homogenization (Reisinger, 2009). Shopping and expenditure have many circumstances; the resulting consumer mentalities wield a thoughtful impact upon economic activities. Simultaneously, the wide-reaching media also can influence people spending desire. In the globalization viewpoint, the perception of cultural homogenization can be exaggerated (Pieterse, 2009), after all, the global, the national and the local characteristics of social space interlink in different combinations. Indeed, a further dimension i nto the geographical spectrum, cultural homogenisation could increase cultural pluralism (Scholte, 2002). Cultural homogenization comprises the appearance of customer approaches, the uprising of local culture, the collision of elite culture and the impact of modern technology. The key point is to remember that, although a variety of firms have successfully placed themselves globally. But their products and services continue to be consumed by different people in different ways. (Asgary Walle, 2002). It is the view of (Demooij, 2004) that in new global consumers has become increasingly similar in their values and behaviour patterns despite their national cultural characteristics. Global consumers are increasingly eating the same food wearing same brands and watching same TV programs. Another point in favour of (Demooij, 2004) is that the modern world has experienced significant cultural destruction. A high overflow of consumerism has apparently forced cultural levelling from corner to corner in the world via a multitude of global agents such as Coca-Cola, Nike, MTV, Microsoft and McDonald s (Saee, 2004). It can be argued that the process of cultural homogenization and Heterogenization occur simultaneously at difference levels. The homogenization of the consumption patterns occurs at the international level whereas the efforts to maintain cultural uniqueness and distinctness occur more at the regional and local level. Homogenization and globalization have a tendency to be the area of elite, because the affluent and people who are wealthy can manage to pay for the products available in global markets. Wealthy, well cultured and well travelled individuals from diverse backgrounds can easily interact with the fashionable environment by help of the modern technology especially the internet. People from different backgrounds are now able to interact globally as never before. Internet makes the world smaller, more accessible and increases the level of cultural homogeneity. Although the internet does not allow people to fully understand other places and lifestyles, but it does allow people t o access more information than in previous human history. (Asgary, and Walle, 2002); (Reisinger, 2009). The understanding of the world becoming smaller with a growing sensitivity to cultural differences is a part of the general cultural turn, which involves a wider self-reflexivity of modernity. Modernization has been advancing like a steamroller; a fundamental dispute is whether cultural homogenization actually exists or is a fairy story or flashy public speaking. Paul Thomson (1996) criticize it as a globalization rhetoric or global aloney their key arguments is that before 1914 the world economy was more internationalized than at present. The unquestioned cultural hegemony of the west is past. New patterns, fashions, confluences and mixtures are taking shape. Growing relationship between the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) and Chime (China, India, and Middle East) are increasingly changing all fact of global trends. An example is the Korean wave in East Asia -the popularity of Korean soap Operas, movies and music which has already peaked. At the same time growing global int erconnectedness directing towards cultural standardization and uniformization as in the sweep of consumerism, an example is the McDonaldization, a short version of this momentum. (Sturges, 2005) (Yeniyurt and Townsend, 2003) The opinion of (Ritzier, 2004) is McDonaldization affects not only the restaurants business but also education, works, leisure, the family and virtually everywhere .it has shown every indication of an unavoidable process, sweeping through the challenging tradition of the world. McDonalds is a global icon of fast food and a symbol of cheap and convenient food. One objection to this argument is that it is not true worldwide. Many countries namely, In Russia, Argentina, as in china people pay high prices for this American ambience visit (Asgary Walle, 2002). It might be said that though McDonaldization process increases the level of cultural homogeneity but put forth a dominating impact upon many other countries societies. However, there is an argument that there is no such thing as a global consumer one cannot distinguish among European, American, or Asian consumers because of the differences in their lifestyles across continents as well as the local regional and national level. For e xample, although there are clear differences between the EU countries, there is also a fundamental disparity in their value systems and lifestyles (Wierengn at all, 1996). A high level of consumption generally believed to be a symbol of the good life. Also global consumer culture detects that people are strongly believe in the unlimited ability and achievements of science and modern technology (Scholte, 2002); (Pieterse, 2009). Tourism is one of the worlds largest multinational economics activities .it involves the greatest flows of goods, services, and people on the surface of the earth, and it is therefore the most visible expression of globalization, Although the role and share of tourism in international trade is rising significantly the rapid speared of information technology has improved the efficiency of the industry operation as well as the quality of services provided to customers .it has also generated increased demand for new travel services (Reisinger, 2009).The development of sophisticated websites has allowed for the direct dissemination of travel information to potential clients. The internet has made travel products globally accessible at much lower cast. As a result customer demand has become more technology and internet -driven. From the post -modernist investigation (Williams, 2002) argues that tourism and hospitality organizations have to forget traditional marketing theory and market se gmentation, instead, they should provide variety, and updating offering, so that people can consume as their wish without reference to a standardized expectation. Example of globalization in the accommodation sectors have included hotel corporation and chain creation, joint venture, franchising, management contracts, and consortia of independent hotels major international hotel groups included intercontinental Hotels (The united Kingdom) Accor (France) and cendant, Marriott, and star wood hotels and resorts (united states )these hotel groups are involved in various countries worldwide (Inter Science Wiley.Com, 2007). For example, Marriott international managing 1300 hotels of different brand world wide with the access to 40 new markets (Scholte (2002); (Reisinger, 2009). Globalization in the retail sector includes partnerships, integration, and franchising Tour operators and travel agencies entered into partnerships and or integrated with hotels, charter airlines, retail distribution and cruise companies. American express developed a range of products in various sectors of the industry. Numerous studies suggest that a global tourist does not exist (Reisinger, 2009). Very different people live in the different countries of the world; they have different culture and behaviour patterns. For example, Asian consumers cannot be clustered in to one group because Japanese differ from, similarly there are differences among European consumers: German consumes differ from French. Because there are these cultural differences among consumers from different countries, the marketing mix also changes to suit the national characteristics. According to Scholte (2002) Globalization is the process of incorporating people into a single world. The world is becoming a global village. Todays, Globalization is not just about modernization or westernization. It is about an amplification of worldwide economic, socio-cultural, political and environmental relations. These relations link distant places in a such a way that what is happening locally is determined by what is happening globally (Saee,2004). Accesses to the knowledge and the knowledge itself have become the important factors determining the standard of living, beyond the labour and capital of production. Knowledge generates new ides, turns them into commercial products and services, and increases revenues and incomes of those who know how to use it. Unfortunately, not all nations and economics can benefit yet from globalization developments in new information technology, and access to knowledge (Houlihan, 1994). Cultural homogenisation is perceived by some as discriminatory and moving against human rights. Critics of globalization claim that globalization brings An increased polarization of the world in favour of the stronger economics Poorer countries become dependent on activities in major economics such as United States. The gap dividing rich and poor nation is rapidly increasing. Rich and powerful nations have capital and technology, poor and power less nations do no have access to capital and information technology (Saee,2004). Some behaviour that the process of globalization has led to a culture heterogenization. Heterogeneity is developed through an increasing emphasis on local cultural elements such as languages, religion tradition food, shared history, or the role of family. However, the method of cultural heterogenisation is restricted, global foreign brands, theme parks, films, and television programs have different meaning and impact in the world. The western cloths, soft drinks, cigarettes, liquor, films and books that flooded eastern and central European countries significantly differed from the ethnic clothing and foods and thus were not always popular on the local markets (Pieterse, 2009). Hybridization is an answer to the cultural differentials of ethnic and nationalist polices because it takes as its point of departure precisely. Hybridization reflects a post-modern sensibility of cutnmix, contravention. It represent in Foucaults term, a resurrection of subjugated knowledge. It also goes under various aliases such as syncretism, realization, message; Global localization and local globalization make, first, an empirical case: that processes of globalization, past and present, can be adequately described as process of hybridization. Terrorist incident in Bali, The war in Iraq, the economic crisis, and the corporate scandal such as Enron, Leman Brothers, has made people anxious about security and survival. Evidence quoted by the impacts of war and terrorism is significant. Between October and November 2002, visitors to bali dropped by 60 percent. in the UK holiday booking were down 20 percent In February 2003 on the previous year, as a consequence British Airways intend ed to discard 13000 jobs by March 2004 (Mullins, 2004). To conclude, the tourism and hospitality industry is people based, this is an industry run by people and for people. The real potential for the tourism and hospitality companies lies in their people. Cultural homogenization process has opened new opportunities for developments in hospitality industry and has facilitated growth in tourism through developments in technology and products. (Peric, 2005). (Demooij, 2004) argued that in global consumers has become increasingly similar in their values and behaviour patterns. (Demooij, 2004) beliefs can be supported that but (Hatch Schultz, 2003)) argue that there is no such thing as a global consumer (Reisinge, 2009) argues are similar to(Richardson,2004) that a global tourist does not exist, different people live in the different countries of the world; they have different culture and behaviour patterns. Richardson, (2004) is certainly correct when he says that consumers behaviour lying on different contexts. The opinion of (Ritzier, 2004) is McDonaldization affects virtually everywhere and has shown every indication of an unavoidable process. It is a global icon and symbol of cheap, convenient food but (Asgary Walle, 2002) argued that, this could be in the United States but not true worldwide. There is no doubt that the process of cultural homogenization has been strengthened by the rise of the internet and other information technologies, companies such as Yahoo , Microsoft , Google , and Motorola have become more important cultural icons like McDonalds and Coca -cola. Finally it can be said that global market is shrinking through globalization and fact that multinational companies are becoming commonplace due to the fundamental reason. Businesses are coming face to face with a multicultural workforce structure in order to obtain competitive advantage. (Dana et al.2008); (Pieterse, 2009); (Reisinger, 2009); (Oliver, 1999) Bibliography Asgary, N. and Walle, H.(2002) The Cultural Impact of Globalisation: Economic Activity and Social Change Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. Vol. 9 Issue 3 p58-75, 18p. Dana, L.A., Merz, M.A., and Yi, He. (2008) A categorization approach to analyzing the global consumer culture debate.Vol.25 issues 2, p166-182.[online] Available at>http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=11hid=101sid=5c2cc1e6-8b45-4bbc-8e09-202ebd5e71b1%40sessionmgr112bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=buhAN=32929622 >[Accessed on 2nd January 2010] De Mooij, M. (2004), The future is predictable for international marketers: converging incomes lead to diverging consumer behaviour, International Marketing Review, Vol. 17 No. 2,pp. 103-13. Hatch, J.M. Schultz, M. (2003) Bringing the corporation into corporate branding.Vol.37issue7/8,p10411064.[Online]Availableat>http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=9hid=101sid=5c2cc1e68b454bbc8e09202ebd5e71b1%40sessionmgr112bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=buhAN=10701191>[Accessed on 2nd January 2010] Houlihan, B. (1994) Homogenization, Americanization, and Creolization of Sport: Varieties of Globalization. Vo. 11 issue 4, p-356-375. [Online]Available at> http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=15hid=101sid=5c2cc1e6-8b45-4bbc-8e09-202ebd5e71b1%40sessionmgr112bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=rstAN=16683062>[Accessed on 2nd January 2010] Inter Science Wiley.Com (2007) The World Economy[online] Available at> http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120174061/abstract?CRETRY=1SRETRY=0 [Accessed on 5th January 2010.] Mullins, L.J. (1996), Management and Organizational Behaviour, Pitman:London. Oliver, C. (1999) Two ways to look at learning regions in the context of globalization: [Online] Available at http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb= eoahAN=4377847 site=ehost-live>[Accessed: 26th Nov 2009 ] Peric, V. (2005).Tourism and globalization in the proceedings of the 6th international conference of the faculty of Management koper, congress centre Bernardin, solvenia, 25(3) 24-26. Pieterse, J.N.(2009).Globalization and culture : global mlange 2ed USA: Rowman Littlefield Publishers Inc. Reisinger, Y. (2009). International Tourism: Cultures and Behavior. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Richardson, J.B. (2004) Can consumers be predicted or are they unmanageable?Vol.16,Issue:3, p160-166, p7. International Journal of Hospitality Management:[Online].Availableat[Accessed: 20 Nov 2009] Ritzer, G.(2004) The McDonaldization of Society: Revised New Century Edition.Calfornia: Pince Forge Press Saee, J. (2004). Managing organizations in a global economy: An intercultural perspective. Australia: Thomson. Scholte,A.J.(2002)WhatIsGlobalization?TheDefinitionalIssueAgain[online]Availableat[Accessed on 20 December 2009]. Sturges, P.(2005) Understanding cultures, and IFLAs Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE) core activity. Vol 61 issue 2 p296-305. [Online]Available at>The homogenizing and particularizing approaches Vol. 49. Issue 4. P353361[online]Availableat[Accessed: 20 Nov 2009] Williams, A. (2002) Understanding the Hospitality Consumer, Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Yeniyurt, S. and Townsend,J.D.(2003) Does culture explainacceptance of new products ina country?. Vol. 20, issue 4, p-377. .[Online]Availableat> http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=13hid=101sid=5c2cc1e6-8b45-4bbc-8e09-202ebd5e71b1%40sessionmgr112bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=buhAN=12108430 >[Accessed on 2nd January 2010]

Does Phyllis Wheatley use religious references to warn her readers abou

Does Phyllis Wheatley use religious references to warn her readers about slavery and sin and its repercussions?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the poem, â€Å"To the University of Cambridge, in New England†, Phyllis Wheatley suggest that she accepted the colonial idea of slavery, by first describing her captivity, even though this poem has a subversive double meaning that has sent an anti-slavery message. Wheatley’s choice of words indicates that her directed audience was educated at a sophisticated level because of the language chosen. Her audience was assumingly also familiar with the bible because of the religious references used. The bible was used as a reference because of its accessibility. Wheatley uses religious references to subversively warn her readers about slavery and its repercussions and to challenge her reader’s morals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the poem starts out, Wheatley describes being taken from her â€Å"native shore† to â€Å"the land of errors.† Her native shore was the western coast of Africa, and she was taken to the â€Å"land of errors† which represents America. America is seen in her eyes as the land of errors because of slavery. Wheatley is acknowledging right off the bat that slavery is wrong. Wheatley then goes on and references the â€Å"Egyptian gloom† which is italicized. The italicization forces the readers to focus and reflect on â€Å"Egyptian† and it’s possible Smith-Joseph 2 meaning. The â€Å"Egyptian gloom† symbolizes Egypt and one of the most famou...

Candide Essay -- essays research papers

CANDIDE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Candide was a true believer in Pangloss’ theory that all was well in the world. â€Å"Pangloss proved admirably that there is no effect without a cause and that in this best of all possible worlds†¦things cannot be otherwise for since everything is made for an end, everything is necessarily for the best end. Observe that noses were made to wear spectacles; and so we have spectacles. Legs were visibly instituted to be breeched, and we have breeches.†(p.4) Even though these ideas can be considered illogical in real life. Candide and the rest of the people living in the Baron’s castle never questioned the validity of Pangloss’ philosophy. Maybe their conformity was due to a lack of experience, the belief at the time that doctors and philosophers were always right, or obvious but inconsistent truths like â€Å"The Baron was one of the most powerful lords in Westphalia, for his castle possessed a door and windows†. Although it wa s obvious that the Baron was powerful, the doors and windows of his castle have nothing to do with the Baron’s power. Candide was obviously naà ¯ve, but so were most of the characters in the story, since they didn't bother to question Pangloss' philosophy either. Voltaire was not writing this story for the sole purpose of entertainment. It is obvious that Voltaire was also trying to make readers reflect on their own beliefs so that they might see their hypocrisy. â€Å"All is well in the world† could have referred to the mindset of the people living sheltered from the real world, such as the clergy and higher class. As the story continues, Candide finds out that all is not well in the world. The first event that Candide encountered should have been proof enough that all was not well in the world. Voltaire uses an Ironic approach when talking about the war. When Candide had been wondering the streets after getting kicked out of the Baron’s castle, two men came up to him and asked him if he was five feet tall, when he answered â€Å"yes, gentlemen, that is my height†, civilly they invited him to dinner. They said, â€Å"men were meant to help each other†. Candide was then trained in the Bulgarian army and forced to train to fight the Abarians in war. Candide’s belief in Pangloss’ Philosophy was tested for the first time. How can all be well when so much killing is going on around him? Candide was confused on why he couldn’t just... ... her, â€Å"She reminded Candide of his promises in so peremptory a tone that Candide dared not refuse her†. Just like Pangloss, Candide refused to go back on something he had believed in at one point and went ahead with the wedding even though he had not the least with to marry Cunegonde. Candide must have realized at this point that not all works for the best in this world. After leaving Eldorado, Candide thought that finding Cunegonde would make him happy. He now finds that nothing worked out how he expected. Pangloss said to Candide: â€Å"All events are linked up in this best of all possible worlds; for, if you had not been expelled from the noble castle, by hard kicks in your backside for love of Miss Cunegonde, if you had not been clapped into the Inquisition, if you had not wandered about America on foot, if you had not stuck your sword in the Baron, if you had not lost all your sheep from the land of Eldorado, you would not be eating candied citrons and pistachio s here.† To which he replies, â€Å"’tis well said, but we must cultivate our gardens.† Candide realized that even though things work out in the end, it’s not always for the best; there must still be some hardship along the way.